ABSTRACT
The use of intravenous sedatives is common in gastrointestinal endoscopy. This study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of propofol and/or midazolam in induction of proper sedation in esophagogastroduodenoscopy [EGD] compared with a control group, which does not receive sedation for EGD. Four groups [A, B, C and D] of 30 patients each for whom EGD had been indicated were defined. Group A received no sedative, whereas groups B, C and D received midazolam, propofol and midazolam plus propofol intravenously, respectively. The four groups were compared with each other regarding heart rate [HR], oxygen saturation [O2S], systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP], duration of endoscopy [DE], patient compliance [CM], retrograde amnesia [RA], antegrade amnesia [AA], patient activity [PA], skin color [SC], patient consciousness [CS], blood flow [BF], respiration state [RS] and pain. Patient compliance, retrograde amnesia, antegrade amnesia, patient activity, patient consciousness and pain were significantly different in our patient groups. On the contrary, no significant difference was found among the four groups regarding heart rate, oxygen saturation, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, duration of endoscopy, skin color, blood flow and respiratory state. Based on our findings, no sedation is necessary for EGD unless the patient feels anxious and therefore can not cooperate appropriately. For this case, the administration of propofol alone is a priority over midazolam alone and propofol plus midazolam
ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus affects the metabolism of components of extra cellular matrix such as Glycosaminoglycans. Although the changes of Glycosaminoglycans have been attended but investigation of the changes of Glycosaminoglycans in the brain tissue of diabetic rat is still in early stages. Investigation of changes of Glycosaminoglycans in brain of diabetic rats. Based on an experimental study, 20 male Rats [Wistar, weight 200-250 gr] were randomly divided to two groups; experimental [diabetic, N=10] and non-experimental [non-diabetic, N=10]. A single dose of Alloxan [120ml/ km] was injected to the experimental group. Three months after injection, the slides were prepared from the brain of the rats and studied after stained by Hematoxylin- Eosin and Schmorl's method and Critical Electrolyte Concentration [CEC 1-4]. CEC staining showed that Heparin sulfate was the only Glycosaminoglycans which have been decreased in the brain tissue of the experimental group and any deposits in neurons, particularly Lipofuscin pigments were not expressed in used of Schmorl's method. According to the important roles of Heparin sulfate in normal functions of the nervous system and its role in repairing of the nervous tissue's injury, decrease of Heparin Sulfate, a kind of Glycosaminoglycans, could induce nervous injury and disorder in brain functions